| ------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- |
| Category                        | AWS Service                              | Azure Service                                            | GCP Service                                               | OpenStack Equivalent                                     |
| ------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- |
| **Compute / Virtual Machines**  | Amazon EC2                               | Azure Virtual Machines                                   | Google Compute Engine                                     | Nova (Compute)                                           |
| **Platform / Web Apps**         | Elastic Beanstalk                        | Azure App Service                                        | Google App Engine                                         | Murano / Heat (Application Orchestration)                |
| **Containers / Kubernetes**     | Amazon ECS / EKS                         | Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)                           | Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)                            | Magnum (Container Infrastructure)                        |
| **Serverless Functions**        | AWS Lambda                               | Azure Functions                                          | Google Cloud Functions                                    | Qinling (Function-as-a-Service)                          |
| **Object Storage**              | Amazon S3                                | Azure Blob Storage                                       | Google Cloud Storage                                      | Swift (Object Storage)                                   |
| **Block Storage / Disk**        | Amazon EBS                               | Azure Managed Disks                                      | Google Persistent Disk                                    | Cinder (Block Storage)                                   |
| **File / Shared Storage**       | Amazon EFS / FSx                         | Azure Files                                              | Google Cloud Filestore                                    | Manila (Shared File Systems)                             |
| **Relational DB (Managed)**     | Amazon RDS                               | Azure SQL Database / Azure Database for MySQL/PostgreSQL | Google Cloud SQL                                          | Trove (Database Service)                                 |
| **NoSQL DB**                    | Amazon DynamoDB                          | Azure Cosmos DB                                          | Google Cloud Firestore / Datastore                        | Not native (can deploy Cassandra, MongoDB manually)      |
| **Data Warehouse / Analytics**  | Amazon Redshift                          | Azure Synapse Analytics                                  | BigQuery                                                  | Sahara (Data Processing / Hadoop / Spark)                |
| **ETL / Data Integration**      | AWS Glue                                 | Azure Data Factory                                       | Google Cloud Dataflow / Dataprep                          | Mistral / Sahara (Workflow & Data Processing)            |
| **Machine Learning / AI**       | Amazon SageMaker                         | Azure Machine Learning / Azure AI                        | Google Vertex AI                                          | Not native (can integrate TensorFlow, Kubeflow manually) |
| **Identity & Access**           | AWS IAM / Cognito                        | Azure Active Directory & RBAC                            | Google Cloud IAM / Identity Platform                      | Keystone (Identity Service)                              |
| **Monitoring & Logging**        | Amazon CloudWatch                        | Azure Monitor & Log Analytics                            | Google Cloud Monitoring & Logging                         | Monasca / Ceilometer (Monitoring & Telemetry)            |
| **Networking / VPC**            | Amazon VPC                               | Azure Virtual Network (VNet)                             | Google VPC                                                | Neutron (Networking)                                     |
| **Interconnect / Private Link** | AWS Direct Connect                       | Azure ExpressRoute                                       | Google Cloud Interconnect                                 | VPNaaS / Provider Networks in Neutron                    |
| **Infrastructure as Code**      | AWS CloudFormation / CDK                 | Azure Resource Manager / ARM Templates / Bicep           | Google Cloud Deployment Manager / Terraform integrations  | Heat (Orchestration Templates)                           |
| **Cost Governance / Advisor**   | AWS Trusted Advisor / Cost Explorer      | Azure Advisor / Cost Management + Billing                | Google Cloud Cost Management / Recommender                | Not native (3rd-party tools or Ceilometer data)          |
| **Security / Threat Detection** | AWS GuardDuty / Inspector / Security Hub | Azure Defender / Security Center                         | Google Cloud Security Command Center / Defender for Cloud | Barbican (Key Mgmt), Congress (Policy), Security groups  |
| **Hybrid / Multi-Cloud Tools**  | AWS Outposts                             | Azure Arc                                                | Google Anthos                                             | OpenStack Hybrid / Federation / Multi-Region Deployments |
| **Archive / Cold Storage**      | Amazon S3 Glacier / Glacier Deep Archive | Azure Blob Storage – Archive Tier                        | Google Cloud Coldline / Archive                           | Swift (Low-cost storage tiers via policy)                |
| **Streaming / Eventing**        | Amazon Kinesis / EventBridge             | Azure Event Hubs / Event Grid                            | Google Cloud Pub/Sub / Dataflow                           | Zaqar (Messaging / Queues)                               |
| **CDN / Edge**                  | Amazon CloudFront                        | Azure CDN                                                | Google Cloud CDN                                          | Not native (use 3rd-party CDN integrations)              |

| ------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- |